The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to “Harvey J Alter, Michael Houhgton and Charles M Rice“ for their discoveries of “Hepatitis C virus“.
Infectious Diseases
| Viruses are small infectious agents that exist in the gray area between “living” and “nonliving” entities. In contrast to most bacteria, fungi, or parasites, viruses are completely dependent on the host cell for their replication, hijacking the cell’s biochemical machinery through the actions of viral genome-encoded factors. The fundamental structure of the viral particle includes the DNA or RNA genome within a protein coat, or capsid. This capsid is, for some viruses, enclosed within a lipid envelope usually derived from the host cell membrane. Attachment of a virus to a specific receptor on a host cell leads to internalization and frequently the initiation of a new round of viral replication. |
| There are more than 200 virus species that can infect humans, not including many others that affect humanity by targeting plants and animals used by people. Included in this viral pathogen list are the influenza viruses, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis viruses (e.g., HCV & HBV), enterovirus (EV71, EV68, and coxsackievirus) and Zika virus. GeneTex is proud to offer an extensive catalog of antibody reagents that can facilitate your research into these and other viruses. |
| Dengue (DEN) is the most serious of the mosquito-borne viral diseases. It is caused by Dengue virus (DENV), from any of the four serotypes (DEN1-4). Patients develop long-term immunity to the initial infecting serotype. However, sequential infection by different serotypes leads to a greater risk of serious disease manifestations. From this observation emerged the hypothesis of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, whereby previously acquired anti-DENV antibodies appear to facilitate both higher viremia and amplified release of inflammatory mediators in response to heterotypic DENV infection. This may explain the epidemiological findings that infants born to DEN-immune mothers are at higher risk of more severe clinical disease. Now Ng et al (1), using an elegant mouse model system, offer compelling evidence in support of the ADE hypothesis in the mother-offspring scenario. They found that DENV2-infected offspring born to DENV1-immune mothers displayed more serious disease and died sooner compared to DENV2-infected mice born to naïve mothers. Notably, the susceptibility to disease was age-dependent, recapitulating the epidemiological observations. Taken together, this ADE mouse model joins a growing list of animal models of infectious disease, and will provide promising opportunities to further dissect the underlying mechanisms of Dengue pathogenesis. |
| The Dengue virus (DEN) is of the genus Flavivirus and possesses a positive-strand RNA genome of approximately 10.6 kb that contains a single open-reading frame encoding for a polyprotein, which can be further cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into three structural proteins (capsid protein C, membrane protein M, envelope protein E), and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5). |
| GeneTex proudly offers a comprehensive catalog of outstanding antibodies to DENV proteins. While most of these were created using recombinant antigens from DEN2, the majority are very likely to cross-react with the other serotypes. A few of the antibodies are more DEN2-specific. Please note our seven mouse monoclonal antibodies against the “E”, “NS1”, “NS3”, and “NS5” proteins that are validated for both ICC/IF and western blot (see below). |
Dengue Virus Protein Schematic Diagram |
| WB analysis of virus-infected BHK21 cells. WB analysis with GeneTex dengue virus antibodies on virus-infected BHK21 cells. (A) mock. (B) virus infection. |
Featured Products
Dengue virus Capsid protein antibody
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Dengue virus prM protein antibody
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Dengue virus Envelope protein antibody
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Dengue virus NS1 protein antibody
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Dengue virus NS3 protein antibody
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GeneTex has supported the world’s leading researchers for over 15 years with our quality antibodies. Our products continue to be referenced in leading publications and we are proud to be able to contribute to the research community. In this GeneTex newsletter issue, we would like to highlight our catalog of Influenza virus antibodies.
There are three types of influenza virus: Types A, B, and C. The influenza A and B viruses are the ones most associated with serious human infections,while the Type C cases are clinically much milder. The main antigenic determinants of influenza A and B viruses are the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) transmembrane glycoproteins. Based on the antigenicity of these glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are further subdivided into sixteen “H” (H1-H16) and nine “N” (N1-N9) subtypes.The influenza A virus genome consists of eight separate RNA segments that encode the proteins (i.e., PB1, PB2, PA, HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, and NS2) essential for host infection, viral genome replication, and virus particle packaging.
Highlight Products – Influenza A Virus Antibodies
Influenza A Virus PB1 antibody (GTX125923)
Influenza A Virus PB2 antibody (GTX125925)
Influenza A Virus PA antibody (GTX125932)
Influenza A virus NP (nucleoprotein) antibody (GTX125989)
Influenza A virus M2 (matrix protein) antibody (GTX125951)
Influenza A virus NS1 (nonstructural protein) antibody (GTX125990)
Highlight Products – Influenza B Virus Antibodies
| Japanese encephalitis is a very serious infectious disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae and is maintained in a zoonotic cycle involving the Culex species of mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts. Endemic to most of Asia and to certain regions of the western Pacific, JEV frequently causes severe neurologic sequelae or death in infected humans. This enveloped virus possesses a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome packaged in a spherical nucleocapsid. The genome contains a single open reading frame that encodes for a polyprotein, which is further cleaved into three structural (C, prM, E) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5). |
| GeneTex offers an outstanding selection of antibodies to support your JEV research. Please see highlighted products below or click here to view our latest products. |
Highlighted Products |
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the potentially lethal COVID-19 respiratory tract infection. This new virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, which also includes SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
GeneTex is proud to offer an extensive line of research antibodies and proteins to support the study of SARS-CoV-2, several of which were validated using virus-infected cell lysates. Please see the highlighted products below or click the button to see more product information.
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Antibodies
Spike antibody [1A9] (GTX632604) |
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Spike S1 antibody [HL6] (EC50: 0.552 nM) (GTX635654) |
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Spike RBD antibody [HL257] (GTX635692) |
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Nucleocapsid antibody [HL5511] (EC50: 0.014 nM) (GTX635689)
PLpro (nsp3) antibody (GTX135589)
RdRp (nsp12) antibody (GTX135467)
Proteins
Spike S1 protein, His and Avi tag (active) (GTX01548-pro)
Spike RBD protein, His tag (active) (GTX01546-pro)
Nucleocapsid protein, His tag (GTX135592-pro)
ELISA Pairs
Nucleocapsid ELISA Pair [HL5511 / HL448] (GTX500045)
Nucleocapsid ELISA Pair [HL5410 / HL455-MS] (GTX500042)
Spike ELISA Pair [1A9 / HL6] (GTX500040)
The first case of COVID-19 was detected in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has now been declared a pandemic (1). With SARS-CoV-2 now reaching pandemic status, researchers and clinicians have been working furiously to learn more about the virus’s biology and pathogenesis as well as how to treat the more clinically aggressive COVID-19 cases.
In their study published very recently in Cell, Hoffmann et al. confirm findings reported by Zhou et al. that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, as it is for SARS-CoV (2, 3). In addition, they identify the serine protease TMPRSS2 as a critical factor in the priming of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, an essential step for viral entry into host cells through fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The authors also demonstrate that the serine protease inhibitor camostat mesylate, an agent that has already seen clinical application as a treatment for chronic pancreatitis in Japan, is able to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung cells.
To further expedite the identification of agents with activity against SARS-CoV-2, the WHO’s SOLIDARITY study will assess the potential utility of four different classes of clinically known drugs or drug combinations against the virus (4). The four arms include the viral polymerase inhibitor remdesivir, the anti-malarial agents chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir with interferon-beta. This study, which is one of many ongoing trials that are reviewing more than a dozen possible therapies, is stripped down to accelerate data acquisition and be accessible to physicians everywhere. The central focus of many of these trials is to evaluate existing agents with acceptable safety profiles (e.g., the serine protease inhibitor camostat mesylate) that are amenable to repurposing for use against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, compounds previously found to have activity against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, or other viruses are being reexamined, as is the use of convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients and monoclonal antibodies targeting viral components (5). The singular determination to fight this virus as a world community is now widely appreciated as the only path to eventual success.
References:
- Nature News. 11 March 2020.
- Nature 579, 270-273 (2020).
- Cell 181, 1-10 (2020).
- Science 367(6485), 1412-1413 (2020).
- Science 2020 Apr 3. pii: eabb7269.
Product Highlights |
| ✔ Validated by WB on lysate from Zika virus-infected cells. ✔ Appear to distinguish between Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya virus via IFA. ✔ An extensive line of research antibodies against different Zika virus proteins. |
| Zika virus (ZIKV) exploded into international prominence in 2015. This mosquito-borne flavivirus had its first reported outbreak in 2007, followed by a larger event in 2013 in French Polynesia and the present outbreak in Brazil. Nearly 70 countries and territories have documented ZIKV transmission since 2007. |
| While about 80% of ZIKV infections are asymptomatic, the virus can cause influenza-like symptoms and other clinical manifestations including conjunctivitis. Infection has been linked to cases of neurological disease, including Guillain-Barre syndrome. Most concerning is the increasingly robust evidence associating ZIKV with microcephaly (and other neurodevelopmental problems) in newborns from infected mothers. ZIKV infection is diagnosed by serological, cytokine profiling, and RT-PCR testing. The serological assays can be cumbersome and can fail to clearly identify ZIKV in the presence of Dengue or other flaviviruses, so RT-PCR is the most reliable method to specifically detect the virus. However, antibodies targeting different protein components of ZIKV would be immensely useful to facilitate both basic research and as potential diagnostic reagents. |
| GeneTex is proud to offer an extensive line of research antibodies to support the study of Zika virus. Please see the highlighted products below or click the button to view the full list of GeneTex antibodies against Zika virus proteins. |
Zika virus PrM antibody (GTX133305) |
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Zika virus E antibody (GTX133314) |
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Zika virus NS2B antibody (GTX133308) |
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Zika virus NS2B antibody (GTX133308) |
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Zika virus NS3 antibody (GTX133309)
Zika virus NS4B antibody (GTX133311) |
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Zika virus Capsid antibody (GTX133317) |
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Zika virus PrM antibody (GTX133305) |
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Zika virus E antibody (GTX133314) |
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Infection by animal viruses is initiated by viral binding to host cells. Delineation of the mechanisms mediating subsequent viral entry is an area of intense research, as there is considerable complexity and variability among different viruses. Nevertheless, a general framework for this process, particularly for some enveloped viruses, involves the following steps: (1) viral attachment to host cell receptors, (2) cell signaling pathway activation, (3) endocytosis, (4) penetration of cellular membranes and intracellular trafficking, and (5) viral genome uncoating. The viral genome is then available for expression, replication, packaging and release to infect other cells. Understanding the molecular events underlying virus/host cell interactions during entry is of paramount importance for the potential identification of targets for pharmacologic intervention.
GeneTex is proud to offer an outstanding selection of antibodies to study virus attachment, internalization and penetration for infectious disease research. These antibodies are validated for various applications to facilitate your efforts in this exciting field. Please see the highlighted products below.
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ACE2 antibody [N1N2], N-term
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TMPRSS2 antibody [N2C3]
(GTX100743)
AXL antibody
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| Discovered in 1969, human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in young children, with a subset of patients developing more severe neurological disease that can result in death. Though epidemics have become more numerous since 1997, there are still no effective therapies or an established vaccine. Clearly, further research into the biology of this virus is of the utmost importance. |
| As a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, EV71 has a positive-stranded RNA genome coding for a 2,194 amino acid polyprotein, which is subsequently processed into four structural (VP1-VP4) and seven non-structural (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D) proteins. Identifying the specific functions of these proteins and their interactions with host factors will provide crucial information regarding EV71-associated neural pathogenesis and viral replication. |
| GeneTex is proud to offer an outstanding selection of antibodies for EV71 research. Please see the highlighted antibodies below. |
Featured Products
Enterovirus 71 3AB antibody (GTX132344)IHC-P analysis detecting expression of EV71 3AB protein in an EV71 infected mouse skeletal muscle tissue section. |
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Enterovirus 71 2B antibody (GTX132343)IHC-P analysis detecting expression of EV71 2B protein in an EV71 infected mouse skeletal muscle tissue section. |
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EV71 VP1 antibody (GTX132338)IHC-P analysis detecting expression of EV71 VP1 protein in an EV71 infected mouse skeletal muscle tissue section. |
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Enterovirus 71 antibody (GTX124261)WB analysis of EV71 proteins in RD cells infected with EV71 virus C2 or B4 strain. |
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Enterovirus 71 VP1 antibody (GTX132339)WB analysis of EV71 VP1 protein in RD cells infected with EV71 virus C2 or B4 strain. |
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Enterovirus 71 3C antibody [B3] (GTX630191)WB analysis of EV71 3C protein in RD cells infected with EV71 or EV D68 virus. |
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The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to “Harvey J Alter, Michael Houhgton and Charles M Rice“ for their discoveries of “Hepatitis C virus“.
| First identified in 1989, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects over 170 million people with almost 3% of the world population seropositive for anti-HCV antibodies. Chronic infection occurs in 80-85% of those acutely infected and can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and death. HCV belongs to the family Flaviviridae and has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that codes for a 3011 amino acid polyprotein. This polyprotein is subsequently processed by viral and cellular proteases into three structural proteins (core, E1, and E2) and seven non-structural proteins (p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B). While genetic diversity makes HCV highly adaptable to challenges from the host immune system and antiviral drugs, research into HCV biology has revealed new targets (e.g., the NS5B polymerase and the NS3 protease) for specific antiviral therapies that create new hope for HCV-infected people. |
| GeneTex is proud to offer an outstanding selection of antibodies for HCV research. Please see the highlighted antibodies below. |
Highlighted Products
Hepatitis C Virus NS5A protein antibody (GTX131272)
Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody (GTX131273)
Hepatitis C Virus Core + NS3 + NS4 antibody (GTX40324)
Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody (GTX131265)
Hepatitis C virus NS2 protein antibody (GTX131832) |
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Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody (GTX131276)
Structural
Core
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody | WB | GTX131265 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [A1/3D1] | ELISA | GTX18700 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [B2] | WB, ELISA | GTX18728 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [1E5] (FITC) | IP, ELISA | GTX22584 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [1E5] (Rhodamine) | IP, ELISA | GTX22585 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [6A1] (FITC) | ICC/IF, IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX40111 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [1868] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX40705 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [B317M] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA, IHC, Sandwich ELISA | GTX41719 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [B306M] | ELISA | GTX41720 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [11-B3] | WB, ICC/IF, IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX41722 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [B057M] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA, Sandwich ELISA | GTX42536 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [B056M] | ICC/IF, ELISA, Sandwich ELISA | GTX42537 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [B055M] | ICC/IF, ELISA, Sandwich ELISA | GTX42538 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [H6-29] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA, IHC | GTX64113 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [H6-29] (Biotin) | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA, IHC | GTX64114 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody [H6-29] (FITC) | WB, ICC/IF, IHC | GTX64115 |
Envelope
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C Virus E1 protein antibody [1879] | ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX36856 |
| Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein antibody | WB, ICC/IF, Blocking, EM | GTX103353 |
| Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein antibody [4F6/2] | WB, ICC/IF, IP, ELISA | GTX30856 |
| Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein antibody [6F6/I8] | ELISA, Purification | GTX30857 |
| Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein antibody | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX30878 |
| Hepatitis C virus E2 protein antibody [1876] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX40699 |
| Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein antibody [BDI167] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX40852 |
Non-structural
NS2
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS2 protein antibody | WB | GTX131832 |
NS3
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody | WB | GTX103356 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody | WB, IHC-P | GTX131269 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody | WB | GTX131276 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [20-8] | WB, ELISA, IHC | GTX18663 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [113] | WB, ELISA | GTX18664 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [281] | WB, ELISA | GTX18665 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [5] | WB, ELISA | GTX18666 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [328] | WB, ELISA | GTX18667 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [251] | WB, ELISA | GTX18668 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [242] | WB, ELISA | GTX18669 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [806] | WB, ELISA | GTX18671 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [70-13] | WB, ELISA | GTX18730 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX36540 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX41124 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [9-G2] | IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX41696 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [BDI371] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX41717 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [V/1859] | ELISA, IHC | GTX78171 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody [V/1828] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX81101 |
NS4
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4 protein antibody [1G7] (Biotin) | WB, IHC-Fr, FACS, IP, ELISA | GTX22591 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4 protein antibody [1G7] (FITC) | WB, IHC-Fr, FACS, IP, ELISA | GTX22592 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4 protein antibody [1G7] (Rhodamine) | WB, IHC-Fr, FACS, IP, ELISA | GTX22593 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4 protein antibody | WB, ELISA, Conjugation | GTX40955 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4A protein antibody [5D4/10E7] | WB, IHC-P, ELISA | GTX19048 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4A protein antibody [497] | WB, ELISA | GTX19052 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4A protein antibody [4-F5] | WB, IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX41689 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4A protein antibody [S4-13] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX64116 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4A protein antibody [S4-13] (Biotin) | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX64117 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4A protein antibody [S4-13] (FITC) | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX64118 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS4B protein antibody [2-H1] | WB, IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX41684 |
NS5
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5 protein antibody | WB, ELISA | GTX36547 |
| Hepatitis C virus NS5 protein antibody [BGN/1246/5G7] | WB, IHC-P, IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX40671 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5 protein antibody [8926] | WB, ICC/IF | GTX64119 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5 protein antibody [8926] (FITC) | WB, ICC/IF | GTX64120 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5 protein antibody [8926] (Biotin) | WB, ICC/IF | GTX64121 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5A protein antibody | WB | GTX103358 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5A protein antibody | WB | GTX131272 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5A protein antibody [388] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX40342 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5A protein antibody [7-D4] | WB, IHC-Fr, ELISA | GTX41681 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody [NS5B-6] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX00713 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody [NS5B-6] (Biotin) | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX00846 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody [NS5B-6] (FITC) | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX00847 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody | WB | GTX131273 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody | WB | GTX131274 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody [1825] | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | GTX30873 |
| Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody [5B-12B7] | ICC/IF, IP, Neutralizing/Inhibition | GTX33940 |
Others
| Product Name | Applications | Cat. No. |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody [24-8] | WB, ELISA | GTX18662 |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody | WB, ELISA | GTX40404 |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody | WB | GTX70330 |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody | WB, IHC | GTX70331 |
| Hepatitis C Virus Core + NS3 + NS4 antibody | ELISA, Conjugation, IHC | GTX40324 |
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